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The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (or Thiouthiogne), also known as The Battle of Somb or The Battle of Somb-Tioutioune, occurred on 18 July 1867.〔Sarr, Alioune. ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987. pp 37-39〕〔Diouf, Niokhobaye. ''Chronique du royaume du Sine.'' Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). (pp 727-729, pp 16-18)〕 It was a religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts of the 19th century in Senegal and The Gambia, but it also had a political and economic dimension to it: vendetta and empire-building.〔Sarr, Alioune. ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987. pp 37-39〕〔Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). (pp 727-729, pp 16-18)〕〔Klein, pp 63-236〕 Fandane, Thiouthioune and Somb were part of the pre-colonial Serer Kingdom of Sine now part of independent Senegal.
==Background to Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune==
Prior to this battle, Maba Diakhou Bâ, the leader of the Muslim Marabouts was influenced by the King of Cayor and Baol - Damel-Teigne Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop to launch an (offensive) jihad in the Sine.〔Bâ, Abdou. pp 20-22〕 Damel-Teign Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr had a grudge against the King of Sine - Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof after he was defeated by the French at the Battle of Loro (12 January 1864) and exiled from his Kingdom. Damel-Teigne Lat Dior sought refuge with the King of Sine (''"Maad a Sinig"'' Kumba Ndoffene Famak). The King of Sine granted him asylum. The Damel -Teigne (title for King of Cayor and Baol) asked the King of Sine to loan him some of his forces so he could fight against the French and regain his throne. The King of Sine refused to do that because he was already engaged in a long battle against the French himself in regards to the sovereignty of Joal, one of his provinces. The Damel-Teigne Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr sought the assistance of Maba (the Almamy of Rip). Maba promised to help Damel-Teigne Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr regain his throne if he converts to Islam. Damel-Teigne Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr converted and in 1867, he proposed to Maba to launch a jihad in Sine.〔〔Diouf, Niokhobaye. pp 727-729〕〔Sarr, pp 37-39〕〔Bâ, Tamsir Ousman. ''Essai historique sur le Rip'' (Bur Sine Mahecor Diouf; Latgarand N'Diaye & Abdou Boury Bâ). BIFAN. 1957〕
The Marabouts surprised the Serer people of ''Mbin o Ngor'' (variations: ''Mbin o Ngoor'' or ''Mbon o NGOOR''), a small Serer village in the Sine (the Surprise of Mbin o Ngor 1867). In the Serer-Sine language the incident is referred to as Mbin o Ngor, in the Wolof language it is referred to as ''Mbeetan Kerr Ngor''. ''"Mbeetan"'' mean surprise in Wolof. Although the Serers managed to drive back the Muslim Marabout forces stopping them from conquering their country, the Marabouts' attack caused significant damage before they were finally forced to retreat.〔Bâ, Tamsir Ousman. ''Essai historique sur le Rip'' (Bur Sine Mahecor Diouf; Latgarand N'Diaye – Chef d'arrondissement at Sokone & Abdou Boury Bâ). BIFAN, XIX, p. 585〕 Some prominent Serer princesses such as Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (daughter of the King of Sine) was abducted and forcefully married off to Abdoulaye Oulimata Bâ (commonly known as Abdou Bâ, variations : Abdoulaye Oulimata Khouma, Abdoulaye Wuli Bâ or Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ), Maba Diakhou's brother.〔Sar, Alioune, 36-39〕〔Camara, Alhaji Sait. "Maba Diakhou" in ''Sunu Cossane.'' GRTS (Gambia)〕 The princess Lingeer Fatma Tioube was also abducted along with Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene and held prisoners by the Marabout forces. Some prominent Serer personalities and princes such as Boucary Ngoneh Joof (var : ''Boucar Ngoné Diouf'' or ''Bukaro Ngooni Juuf'') who was a relative and counsel of the King of Sine was killed in that attack. After this incident, the Serer King of Sine – Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof sent a letter to the leader of the Muslim Marabouts (Maba Diakhou Bâ) inviting him to an open battle. In that letter, he wrote:
:''"This attack is undignified... If you are a man, I challenge you to come back and meet the full army of Sine in open battle."''〔〔Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Edinburgh University Press (1968). ISBN 0-85224-029-5. pp 90-91〕〔''L'epopee de Sanmoon Fay.'' Ethiopiques n°54 revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine Nouvelle série volume 7 2e semestre 1991〕〔Diouf, Niokhobaye. ''Chronique du royaume du Sine.'' Suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972. (pp 726-727; pp 16-18)〕
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